Fluorometer FL 6000

Double-Modulation Fluorometer FL 6000 measures chlorophyll α fluorescence. Measured fluorescence emission is excited by a set of light-emitting diodes that generate measuring flashes of few microseconds in duration and low light intensity; the photochemistry is driven by single-turnover flashes or by continuous actinic irradiance. Chlorophyll α fluorescence is detected by a PIN photodiode and digitized by a 16-bit A/D converter.

SuperHead measuring unit –measurements performed in standard cuvette for sample suspensions of algae or cyanobacteria

Unified control unit for all FL 6000 versions, compatible with different measuring units.

Light intensities and timings are software controlled separately for each LED set with 100 ns resolution

PIN photodiode detector with 40× variable gain for signal acquisition with 1MHz/16-bit maximal accuracy Pulse Amplitude Modulation measurements

PIN photodiode detector with 40× variable gain for signal acquisition with 1MHz/16-bit maximal accuracy

Pulse Amplitude Modulation measurements

Fluorometer FL 6000 Double-Modulation Fluorometer FL 6000 measures chlorophyll α (Chlα)- -fluorescence. Measured fluorescence emission is excited by a set of light- -emitting diodes that generate measuring flashes of few microseconds in duration and low intensity; the photochemistry is driven by single-turnover flashes or by continuous actinic irradiance. Chlorophyll fluorescence is detected by a PIN photodiode and digitized by a 16-bit A/D converter. The instrument supports Pulse Amplitude Modulation measurements and, at the same time, can capture fast OJIP transients or perform rapid measurements of QA- reoxidation kinetics, S-states.

The fast version of FL 6000-F allows measuring Flash Fluorescence Induction (FFI) experiments which leads to a calculation of the effective antenna size, antenna connectivity and rapid lights curves. The major feature of this fluorometer is the capacity of the instrument to generate rectangular actinic flashes of extremely high power also with 620 nm excitation light source. This feature is helpful for cyanobacteria measurements. Full reduction of QA acceptor can be achieved within 25 µs and the instrument can measure fluorescence induction during such a single-turnover saturating flash. This technique is used to determine the effective antenna size of the Photosystem II as well as its heterogeneity and connectivity without disturbing the measured system by DCMU or other herbicides.

Probing physiology of photoautotrophs suspensions

Measurement of efficiency of PSII photochemistry

Estimation of aquatic primary productivity

Exploring photosynthetic performance and metabolic perturbations in phytoplankton

Molecular biology – screening for photosynthetic mutants • Detection of abiotic and biotic stress and stress tolerance

Creation and archivation of experimental protocols

FluorWin Wizard for automated protocols

Retrieval and export of experimental data

Data manipulation and visualization

Windows 7, or higher compatible

FLUOROMETER FL 6000-S Time resolution up to 4 µs Detection limit 100 ng Chl-a/l Supported fluorescence protocols: - Instantaneous fluorescence - Q A - reoxidation kinetics - Kautsky effect - Quenching parameters analysis - Fast OJIP transient - S-states FLUOROMETER FL 6000-F Time resolution up to 1 µs Detection limit 1 µg Chl-a/l Supported all standard protocols Special fluorescence protocol: - Flash Fluorescence Induction (FFI)

Time resolution up to 4 µs

Detection limit 100 ng Chl-a/l

Supported fluorescence protocols:

Time resolution up to 1 µs